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Adult ADHD and Comorbid Disorders Many adults with ADHD also have comorbid disorders such as major depression (Kessler and colleagues 2006). Many patients do not respond to medication for depression and may be able to benefit from psychotherapy. Neurotransmitters are brain chemicals that regulate and boost levels of certain brain chemicals. The most commonly prescribed stimulants are amphetamine, methylphenidate and similar medications. Medicines Many medications that are used to treat ADHD in children can also be used for adults. The dosages and effects differ. A doctor will look at the individual's medical history, family history and other health issues to determine what medication is best for him or her. The most commonly used kind of ADHD medication is stimulant and is used to regulate levels of two chemical messengers within the brain called norepinephrine and dopamine. Stimulants such as methylphenidate or dextro-amphe (commonly called Adderall) boost the supply of these neurotransmitters, which can improve focus and decrease impulsivity and aggression. They come in various forms, including chewable tablets, liquids, and skin patches. These stimulants that last longer are popular because they improve patient compliance and an easier, longer-lasting improvement in symptoms. It is important to keep in mind that comorbid conditions such as anxiety and depression may influence the response to ADHD medications. Therefore, it is recommended that disorders be treated first, and then medication utilized as a secondary measure. Some medications that are used to treat comorbid mood disorders include atomoxetine, bupropion and tricyclic antidepressants (Wilens 2004).). Certain patients might experience a “rebound effect” in which their ADHD symptoms get worse after stopping stimulant medications. In these instances it is possible to try a short-term trial of the use of a low dose stimulant medication could be helpful. Certain people are not able to take stimulant medications or are unable to take them due to abuse of drugs or other health conditions, like heart issues that are severe or hypertension. In these instances, non-stimulant drugs like atomoxetine or viloxazine may be beneficial. These medications don't cause the same high rates of side effects as stimulants, and are lower risks of misuse and diversion. Psychotherapy People suffering from ADHD can benefit from psychotherapy (talk therapy). It can help people with ADHD learn how to improve their lives, manage stress and anxiety, manage conflicts, or deal with problems at work or in relationships. It can also aid in the treatment of those suffering from mental illness that are co-existing, such as depression and addiction disorders. Talk therapies include cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and mind-body cognitive therapy, and schema therapy. These treatments are based on the notion that thoughts and beliefs can affect how a person is feeling, thinks and behaves. CBT helps a person identify negative behaviors and thinking patterns, and then formulates and implements positive strategies to alter them. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy utilizes techniques for meditation to teach people how to concentrate on their thoughts and emotions, control impulses and improve their executive functioning. Schema therapy and other forms of psychotherapy that focus on a person's family history can be beneficial for those with ADHD with significant secondary problems. In addition to medications, psychotherapy can help address the specific problems caused by ADHD problems, like having trouble keeping up with schoolwork, resolving conflicts, being able to get along with others, forgetting important dates or responsibilities as well as impulsive decisions that lead to financial or legal troubles. It can also help individuals to address and overcome issues that could cause ADHD symptoms, like depression or anxiety. Psychotherapy can help someone to develop healthy coping methods and reduce stress, such as exercise, sleep improvement and healthy eating habits. It can also provide assistance to a partner or family member who may be dealing with the effects of ADHD on their relationship. Marriage and family therapy helps couples and families learn how to communicate better and manage ADHD symptoms together. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) CBT is a kind of psychotherapy that focuses on transforming the patterns of negative thinking of the client. It involves a dialog based on skill with an expert in mental health to address the underlying cause of symptoms. The aim of this therapy is to eliminate limitations and implement strategies for coping that align with the client's daily life. In addition to teaching clients to recognize unhelpful thoughts, therapists who specialize in adult ADHD CBT help them develop skills that allow them to replace unhelpful thinking with more productive ones. This process can take a long time. It is an option for adults who do not receive enough relief from their medication. add in adults treatment has found that when combined with medication, CBT is superior to CBT on its own in improving the core symptoms, emotional symptoms self-esteem, and social functioning of adults suffering from ADHD (Clarke and colleagues., 2017). CBT combined with methylphenidate can be particularly effective for people who have more severe underlying issues. The therapists that provide this kind of treatment usually collaborate with the client to develop an action plan specific to addressing their problems. They train them in a series of practical skills which are easy to learn and have a high chance of success. Charts are typically used to track progress and to reward positive behavior. This might include an everyday report for a child that outlines the tasks they are required to complete in school or the positive behaviors to be exhibited, and a system of tracking and earning rewards. The therapists can also discuss the possibility that negative consequences might be introduced when a child fails to complete their tasks. This can be done with care and encouragement. Metacognitive Therapy A newer form of therapy, metacognitive therapy helps individuals change how they think. This kind of treatment can be beneficial for people suffering from a range of mental health problems which include depression. It's a kind of cognitive behavioral therapy that assists individuals learn to recognize their negative thoughts and how they impact their moods. This type of therapy may also assist in the acquisition of psychological tools that are able and effective. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between metacognitive capabilities and daily functioning in adults suffering from ADHD. To accomplish this we evaluated self- and informant-rated impairments in daily functioning with indicators of metacognition (comprehensive knowledge as well as regulation of cognition, debugging, information management, and evaluation). The results indicated that comprehensive knowledge was linked to daily functioning among adults with ADHD but not with the processes that regulate. Metacognition predictors had moderate predictive power, which indicates that they can explain an important amount of variation in the daily functioning of adults with ADHD. Metacognitive Therapy (MCT) is an intervention that focuses on changing metacognitive beliefs that are dysfunctional and perpetuate mental states such as worry, rumination, and attention fixation. MCT was developed by Adrian Wells based on an information processing model by Wells and Gerald Matthews. MCT has been proven to be effective in treating anxiety disorder. However, it is still a relatively new treatment, and further research is required to determine whether it can aid in other disorders. This study was created to assess the effectiveness of MCT to treat symptoms of anxiety disorder. However it could be used to treat various disorders and may be more effective than any other therapy. It is important to keep in mind that this is not an effective treatment for ADHD however it can be utilized as an adjunctive therapy. Family Therapy In family therapy, the therapist works with all members of the family. All members can better understand the client's needs and learn how to help their loved family members. It also helps them find ways to deal with their own feelings of frustration and improve their communication skills. Additionally, this kind of counseling can be helpful for addressing comorbidities such as depression or alcohol abuse, which are commonly seen alongside ADHD. The therapist will start with an intake session in order to better understand the family's views and determine whether they are suitable for family intervention. It can be done either in person or online. The counselor will go over the details of the therapy with each individual and set out the rules and guidelines of family therapy. A therapist with experience treating adults suffering from ADHD will ask lots of questions to gain insight into the client's current symptoms, their past and their impact on their work and family life as well as relationships. They will also inquire if any other mental issues are present, such depression or anxiety. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a type of counseling that helps you learn how to manage your behavior and transform negative patterns of thinking to positive ones. It focuses on improving self-esteem and self control by teaching you how to cope with stress and anger. It is a short-term treatment that can be paired with other types of psychotherapy. Individual talk therapy helps people with ADHD to manage the emotional baggage that results from failing and underachievement. It can also assist them in dealing with relationship conflicts or job changes as well as academic challenges. It can help you learn ways to manage stress and cope and help you manage your time and finances more effectively. It can be used to treat comorbid conditions, such as anxiety and mood disorders which are often seen alongside ADHD.